Menya byinshi kuri Telefone ikigoresho Cya buri munsi.

Telefoni ni kimwe mu bikoresho byahinduye uburyo abantu bavugana ku isi. Kuva ku telefoni y'umuyoboro (fixed line) kugeza kuri terefoni ngendanwa (smartphone) ikoresha uyu munsi, iyi tekinoroji yanyuze mu myaka irenga 150 y'ivumburwa n'iterambere. Mbere y'uko telefoni ivumburwa  hari abahanga batangiye kugerageza kohereza amajwi hifashishijwe amashanyarazi. Umufaransa Charles Bourseul ni we wa mbere wagaragaje ko amajwi yakwoherezwa binyuze mu mashanyarazi, avuga ko diyafuragimu (diaphragm) yakoraga imikoranire n'insinga yashoboraga gukoreshwa muri iyo ntego. Mu myaka ya 1850, umuhanga Anton

Telefoni ni kimwe mu bikoresho byahinduye uburyo abantu bavugana ku isi. Kuva ku telefoni y'umuyoboro (fixed line) kugeza kuri terefoni ngendanwa (smartphone) ikoresha uyu munsi, iyi tekinoroji yanyuze mu myaka irenga 150 y'ivumburwa n'iterambere. Mbere y'uko telefoni ivumburwa  hari abahanga batangiye kugerageza kohereza amajwi hifashishijwe amashanyarazi. Umufaransa Charles Bourseul ni we wa mbere wagaragaje ko amajwi yakwoherezwa binyuze mu mashanyarazi, avuga ko diyafuragimu (diaphragm) yakoraga imikoranire n'insinga yashoboraga gukoreshwa muri iyo ntego. Mu myaka ya 1850, umuhanga Antonio Meucci nawe yari afite ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu rugo rwe yise "telettrofoni," yakoreshaga mu kuvugana hagati y'ibyumba, nubwo atigeze abiha ibyangombwa. Mu myaka ya 1870, abahanga babiri Elisha Gray na Alexander Graham Bell bombi bagenzuraga uburyo bwo gukora telefoni bitewe n'ubushobozi bwabo bwo guteza imbere terefoni ya telegaramu (telegraph). Bell yashoboye gukora ku bijyanye n'amashanyarazi nyuma yo kugerageza guteza imbere telegaramu, mu gihe iyo tekinoroji yari imaze imyaka 30 ikoreshwa. Bell yatanze impapuro zubuvumbuzi (patenti) ku ivumburwa rya telefoni ku wa 14 Gashyantare 1876 amasaha abiri gusa mbere y'uko uwo bari bahanganye  Elisha Gray na we atanga icyifuzo cyo gutanga impapuro zubuvumbuzi ku gikoresho gisa n'icye. Ku wa 7 Werurwe 1876, Bell yahawe impapuro z'ubuvumbuzi zifite nomero 174,465, zerekeye "uburyo bwo kohereza amajwi hifashishijwe amashanyarazi". Nyuma y'iminsi mike, ku wa 10 Werurwe 1876, Bell yahamagaye umufasha we Thomas A. Watson avuga amagambo azwi cyane ngo: "Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you" (Watson, ngwino hano, ndagukeneye). Ku wa 10 Kanama 1876, Bell yakoze ihamagara rya mbere rya telefoni ku ntera ndende, hagati ya kilometero zigera kuri 6, hagati ya Brantford na Paris mu ntara ya Ontario muri Kanada. Ku wa 9 Ukwakira 1876, Bell na Watson berekanye ikiganiro cy'impande zombi (two-way conversation) hifashishijwe insinga zo hanze, hagati ya Boston na Cambridge. Ku wa 9 Nyakanga 1877, hashinzwe uruganda rwa Bell Telephone Company, rushinzwe na Gardiner Greene Hubbard, wabaye perezida warwo wa mbere. Mu 1880, Bell yahawe igihembo cy'Ubufaransa cyitwa Volta Prize (amafaranga 50,000), yakoresheje ayo mafaranga mu gushinga Volta Laboratory i Washington, D.C., ikigo cyihariye ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva. Mu 1915, hakozwe ihamagara rya mbere ryambukiranya igihugu (Transcontinental) hagati ya Bell wari i New York na Watson wari i San Francisco. Nyuma y'imyaka myinshi ya terefoni z'umuyoboro, hazanwe indi ntambwe ikomeye: terefoni ngendanwa. Umuhanga w'Umunyamerika Martin Cooper azwi cyane nk'"se wa terefoni ngendanwa." Yayoboye itsinda ryubatse terefoni ngendanwa ya mbere mu myaka ya 1972-73. Ku wa 3 Mata 1973, Cooper yahamagaye ku muhanda i New York, akoresheje igikoresho cyari kiremereye (kimeze nk'amatafari), agenda ku biro bya Motorola. Iyo telefoni yari ipima ibiro bigera kuri 2.5, kandi wavuganaga iminota 20-30 gusa mbere yuko batiri irangira, kandi byatwaraga amasaha 10 kuyicaje. Cooper yahamagaye Joel Engel, muri Bell Labs, amubwira ati: "Ndaguhamagaye nkoresheje terefoni ngendanwa, terefoni ngendanwa nyakuri". Icyo gikoresho cyahindutse Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, iyaje kuba terefoni ngendanwa ya mbere yagurishijwe ku isoko rusange mu 1984, ifite igiciro cya $3,995. Nyuma y'uko Motorola izana DynaTAC, urwego rw'ubucuruzi bwa terefoni ngendanwa rwatera imbere byihuse. Nokia yinjiye ku isoko mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 1980 iganza mu myaka ya za 1990, izana terefoni ntoya kandi zoroheje. Terefoni ifite kamera yaje mu ntangiriro y'imyaka ya za 2000, abantu batangira gufotora ubuzima bwabo bakabyohereza binyuze mu murongo wa terefoni. Ubundi Apple yahinduye byose: iPhone ya mbere yatangijwe mu 2007, ifite ecran ikoreshwa hatabayeho buto ngufi, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukoresha porogaramu (apps) butari busanzwe mbere. Amateka ya telefoni yerekana urugendo rurerure rw'ubushakashatsi n'ubuhanga bw'abantu batandukanye kuva ku bitekerezo bya mbere bya Charles Bourseul na Antonio Meucci, kugeza ku ivumburwa rikomeye rya Alexander Graham Bell mu 1876, hanyuma amaherezo terefoni ngendanwa ya Martin Cooper mu 1973 ikagera aho ihindutse smartphone dukoresha uyu munsi. Iyi tekinoroji yagiye ihinduranya uburyo abantu bavugana, bakorana, kandi babana ku isi hose. Umwanditsi: Marie Florence NDAYISHIMIYE